Dangerous hydrological phenomena in the Middle Dnipro basin and their impact on the lifehood of the peasanry of the 19th century
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose is a substantiation of the role of natural disasters, in particular extreme hydrological phenomena,
as a significant historical actor that permanently influenced the life of an agrarian society. The model of relations between the peasantry and the environment was studied on the example of the Middle Dnipro region in the 19th century.
The scientific novelty of the research. Based on archival sources, statistical data, reports in the press, as well as
the work of previous researchers, an attempt was made to compile the most complete register of dangerous hydrological phenomena that occurred in the middle course of the Dnipro and its tributaries during the 19th century.
Conclusion. In the pre-industrial society, extraordinary hydrological phenomena – flood, flood and drought – along with other natural disasters, were a serious natural «challenge» that required adequate social «responses» (in the Toynbian sense).
In relatively prosperous years (periods of «euphoria»), society reacts less sensitively to natural disasters. On the other hand, the repetition of cataclysms for several years in a row acquired a cumulative effect.
Based on the compiled register of dangerous hydrological phenomena, we can state that during the 19th century. every third year in the middle course of the Dnipro and its tributaries was marked by a devastating flood, flooding or drought. In the event of the occurrence of dangerous hydrological phenomena, the rural population of the region became the most vulnerable layer, since a large-scale cataclysm had catastrophic consequences for the farmer, could paralyze the life of a separate peasant yard, community, volost or even a county for a long time, and in some cases - put the peasant on the limit of survival.
Article Details
References
Afanasiev-Chuzhbynskyi, O. (2016). Narysy Dnipra [Essays of the Dnipro]. Lviv: Apriori [in Ukrainian].
Bagalei, D. (1892). Stikhiinye bedstviia i borba s nimi v Rossii v starinu [Natural disasters and the fi ght against them in Russia in the former ages]. Istoricheskii vestnik [Historical Bulletin], 177 – 195 [in Russian].
Bilivnenko, S. (2017). Selianyn-stepovyk ta richkova stykhiia Dnipra: za materialamy istoryko-etnohrafi chnykh ekspedytsii Zaporizkoho naukovoho tovarystva Yakova Novytskoho [The steppe peasant and the river element of the Dnieper: based on the materials of the historical and ethnographic expeditions of the Zaporizhzhya Scientifi c Society of Yakov Novytskyi]. Narodna tvorchist ta etnolohiia [Folk creativity and ethnology], № 5, 12 – 17 [in Ukrainian].
Bogolepov, M. (1908). kolebaniiakh klimata Evropeiskoi Rossii v istoricheskuiu epokhu [On climate fl uctuations in European Russia in historical times]. Moskow [in Russian].
Boiko, Yu. (2020). Pravoberezhna Ukraina v seredyni XIX st. Istoryko-statystychni narysy [Right-bank Ukraine in the middle of the 19th century. Historical and statistical essays]. Vinnytsia: VNAU [in Ukrainian].
Borisenkov, E. & Pasetskii, V. (1988). Tysiacheletniaia letopis neobychainykh iavlenii prirody [A thousand-year chronicle of extraordinary natural phenomena]. Moskow [in Russian].
Buchinskii, I. (1957). O klimate proshlogo Russkoi ravniny [About the past climate of the Russian Plain]. Leningrad [in Russian].
Golubovskii, P. (1881). Istoriia Severskoi Zemli do poloviny XIV stoletiia [History of the Seversk Land until the half of the 14th century]. Kyiv: Universitetskaia tipografi ia I. Zavadskogo [in Russian].
Horbovyi, O. (2020). Kompleksna transformatsiia ukrainskoho Prydniprovia u konteksti hidroenerhetychnoho osvoiennia Dnipra (kin. ХІХ st. – 1980-ti rr.) : dys. … kand. ist. nauk : 07.00.01 [Complex transformation of the Ukrainian Dnipro region in the context of hydropower development of the Dnipro (end of the 19th century – 1980s: PhD thesis)]. Pereiaslav [in Ukrainian].
De lia Fliz, D. P. (1999). Albomy [Albums]. Vol. 2. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Ekolohichna entsyklopediia [Ecological encyclopedia] / ed. by. A. V. Tolstoukhov (2008). Vol. 3. O-Ya. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Zhuravlova, A. (2014). Zminy v tradytsiinii modeli pryrodokorystuvannia ukraintsiv Serednoi Naddniprianshchyny druhoi polovyny XIX – pochatku XX stolittia [Changes in the traditional model of nature use of Ukrainians of the Middle Dnipro region in the second
half of the 19th and early 20th centuries]. Narodna tvorchist ta etnolohiia [Folk creativity and ethnology], № 6, 60-66 [in Ukrainian].
Zaikov, B. (1954). Vysokie polovodia i pavodki na rekakh SSSR za istoricheskoe vremia [High fl oods and fl oods on the rivers of the USSR in historical time]. Leningrad [in Russian].
Kipriianov, V. (1870). Ob izmeneniiakh gorizonta r Dnepra s 1859-go do 1869-go goda [About changes in the horizon of river Dnieper from 1859 to 1869]. Trudy Obshchestva ispytatelei prirody pri Imperatorskom Kharkovskom universitete [Papers of the Society of
Natural Scientists at the Imperial Kharkov University]. Vol. 2. Kharkiv, 1-3 [in Russian].
Kitov, D. (2010). Dnipro yak fenomen etnichnoi kultury y tradytsiinoho svitohliadu v konteksti ukrainoznavstva: dys. ... kand. ist. nauk [Dnipro as a phenomenon of ethnic culture and traditional outlook in the context of Ukrainian studies: PhD thesis. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
Koklik, S. (1917). Gidrologicheskii ocherk Cherkasskogo uezda i g. Cherkass [Hydrological sketch of Cherkasy district and Cherkasy city]. Kyiv [in Russian].
Le Rua Ladiuri, E. (2009). Korotka istoriia klimatu: vid serednovichchia do nashykh dniv [A Brief History of Climate: From the Middle Ages to the Present]. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr [in Ukrainian].
Liaskoronskii, V. (1897). Istoriia Pereiaslavlskoi zemli s drevneishikh vremen do poloviny XIII stoletiia [History of Pereyaslavl land from ancient times to the half of the 13th century]. Kyiv [in Russian].
Maksimovich, N. (1901). Dnepr i ego bassein [Dnieper and its basin]. Vol. 1 Dnepr i ego basseinie istoria i gidrografi a reki [in Russian].
Maksimovich, N (1901). Dnepr i ego bassein [Dnieper and its basin]. Vol. 2 Prilozhen e kie sochinen iu Dneprie i ego basseinie poverstnyi ukazatel reki Dnepra sudokhodnyi dorozhnikie Tablitsy vskryt ia i zamerzan ia vodie Vypiski izie istoricheskikhie pamiatnikovie Karty baseina [in Russian].
Markevich, N. (1856). Reki Poltavskoi gubernii [Rivers of Poltava province]. Zapiski Imperatorskogo Russkogo geografi cheskogo obshchestva [Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society]. Vol. XI, 337-461 [in Russian].
Sbornik svedenii o Poltavskoi gubernii s kartoi gubernii i planom g. Poltavy [Collection of information about the Poltava province: with a map of the province and a plan of the city of Poltava] / ed. by A. Bogdanovich (1877). Poltava [in Russian].
Subbotin, A. (1894). Ekonomichesko-statisticheskii obzor basseina r. Dnepra [Economic and statistical review of the river basin Dnieper]. Sankt-Peterburg [in Russian].
Funduklei, I. (1852). Statisticheskoe opisanie Kievskoi gubernii [Statistical description of the Kyiv province]. Sankt-Peterburg. Part 1 [in Russian].
Shvets, G. (1972). Vydaiushchiesia gidrologicheskie iavleniia na iugo-zapade SSSR [Outstanding hydrological phenomena in the southwest of the USSR]. Leningrad: Gidrometeorologicheskoe izdatelstvo [in Russian].
Shvets, G. (1978). Mnogovekovaia izmenchivost stoka Dnepra [Centennial variability of the Dnieper fl ow]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat [in Russian].
Shvets, H. (1960). Vodnist Dnipra [Water level of the Dnipro]. Kyiv : Edition of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR [in Ukrainian].
Cybriwsky, R. (2018). Along Ukraine’s river: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro. Budapest: Central European University Press [in English].