AGRARIANISM: A NEW CONCEPT OF UNDERSTANDING THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917-1921

The article deﬁ nes the concepts of agrarian history of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 – 1921. The essence of the deﬁ nition “concept” is analysed and the peculiarities of its application to the agrarian history of the period of the Ukrainian revolution are outlined. The concept of agrarianism as one of the agrarian concepts of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 – 1921 is investigated.

beginning of the 1990s -the twenty-fi rst century. At the same time, the historiographical material processed by us give s grounds to clarify and detail the above periodization. Thus, in the Soviet historiography, we distinguish the following subperiods: 1) 1920s -1930s; 2) 1930s -the end of the 1980s.
The formation of historical knowledge about the concept of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 coincides in time with the events of 1917 -1921. However, in the works of scientists of that time the concept of the Ukrainian revolution was not comprehensively studied. Some aspects of it are covered in fragments. This is due to the direct participation of researchers in the events of that time. Publication of the legacy of M. Hrushevsky, V. Vynnychenko, P. Skoropadsky, D. Doroshenko, as well as historians of the Ukrainian diaspora -O. Subtelny, T. Hunchak, I. Nagaevsky today is the source basis for the formation of the full image of the concept of the Ukrainian revolution. Among the researchers of agrarian history of this period it is worth noting V. Kaczynski [10].
In the 1920's and 1930's, the Soviet concept of the Ukrainian Revolution was formed, which diligently eradicated the very term "Ukrainian Revolution". Among the researchers of agrarian history of these years we can name S. Dumbrovsky [11], J. Yakovlev [12], A. Shestakov [13] and others.
With the release of "History of the CPSU (b). Short Course" in 1938, the concept of the Ukrainian revolution was considered only in the context of the concept of the October Revolution. Later, the term "revolution in Ukraine" became widespread. The 1930s and 1940s became years of stagnation for agrarian history, and it was not until the late 1950s that M. Rubach's publications were published [14]. It is with the name of this researcher that N. Kovalyova connects the focus of Soviet historians on agrarian issues [15].
The turn of the 1980s and 1990s opened up opportunities for rethinking the historical events of 1917 -1921. It was at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s that research by agrarian historians V. Shanin and V. Danilov was carried out.
As R. Pyrig [16] rightly points out, the renewal of the term "Ukrainian Revolution" in independent Ukraine, and hence the fi rst steps towards the formation of a new understanding of the concept of the Ukrainian Revolution, took place in 1996 with the Institute of Ukrainian History publishing a two-volume "History of Ukraine: A New Vision" edited by V. Smoliy. In it, V. Verstyuk proposed a new vision of the concept of the Ukrainian revolution, drew attention to the chronological boundaries of the period, as well as to the interpretation of the conceptual apparatus. J. Hrytsak's "Essay on the History of Ukraine" also in 1996 became not only a new tool for interpreting the events of 1917-1921, but also complemented the general picture of the concept of the Ukrainian revolution [16,45].
V. Soldatenko wrote in this regard that "it would be wrongful to speak of the concept of the Ukrainian revolution as something integral, complete, unchangeable" [7,6]. Historian on the basis of a thorough analysis of historiography, d study of patterns, study of facts and documents substantiated the "concept of the Ukrainian revolution". V. Soldatenko uses the term "concept" as a synonym for the term "theory" [7,108].
G. Korolyov argued that "the history of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 has all the hallmarks of a scientifi c concept" [17]: "the leading idea -the revival and consolidation of the Ukrainian nation to create their own state; historical time -the days of 1917 -1921; the leading driver of national and social progress -the Ukrainian ethnic group and its political elite; a system of argumentation based on a thorough historiographical heritage and a strong source base (archival, archeographic, memoir and other segments)" [18,7].
In 2016, the "concept of the Ukrainian revolution" received offi cial recognition at the state level. The President of Ukraine P. Poroshenko by Decree №17 / 2016 of January 22, 2016 declared 2017 the Year of the Ukrainian Revolution 1917 -1921, honouring events and prominent participants was identifi ed as "one of the priorities of public authorities for 2017 -2021" [19].
Recent Ukrainian historians show an increased interest in the events of agrarian history during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 -1921. This is confi rmed by a large number of monographs and dissertations devoted to the study of these events. In modern research, the agrarian history of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 is considered in several areas: analysis of land and agrarian transformations through the prism of political processes [34]; analysis of the socio-economic security of the peasantry and its relationship with the socio-political activity of the peasantry [35][36][37][38][39][40]; study of the impact of agrarian changes on the dynamics of state development in general.
In-depth study and rethinking of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 -1921, the formation of the concept of the Ukrainian Revolution and the possibility of developing new conceptual approaches to understanding the Ukrainian Revolution in general and the agrarian history of the Ukrainian Revolution in particular, in our opinion, became possible through scientifi c schools. It is worth noting a few scientifi c centres, which today historical science owes to the completed concepts. A separate group of modern research consists of works that refl ect the author's concepts or research within the existing concepts of agrarian history of the Ukrainian revolution. Among them we can single out the concept of the peasant revolution of 1902 -1922, the author of which is V. Danilov [45]. Followers of the concept of the peasant revolution of 1902-1922 V. Danilov, among modern researchers, can be distinguished A. Kovalyova [15,[46][47], V. Glibishchuk [48] and others. S. Kornovenko, studying the socio-economic and socio-political transformations of the period of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 -1921, offers an author's understanding of the concept of V. Danilov. The lower chronological boundary of the peasant revolution of V. Danilov S. Kornovenko proposes to date 1932. 1922, according to the author, can be considered the end of one and the beginning of the next stage, and considers the peasant as an active subject of agrarian history, the peasant-ideoman [49][50][51][52]. N. Kovalyova, within the concept of V. Danilov, proposes the concept of "agrarian revolution in Ukraine in 1902 -1922". The term "agrarian revolution" is used by the author in the study of economic relations between the peasantry, landlords and government.
Thus, historical knowledge about the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 in independent Ukraine not only allowed to complete the formation of a holistic concept of Ukrainian revolution, but also gave impetus to the formation of new ones. In this regard, J. Kalakura rightly remarks, noting that there is an increased interest in "… conceptualization or categorization of both natural and human sciences, including history" [15]. J. Kalakura explains this by globalization and the desire to preserve "… their distinctiveness, belonging to a certain identity…" [53].
If the author of the concept of the Ukrainian revolution cannot be identifi ed, we can only talk about a long period of formation of this concept and the struggle of Ukrainian historians for its right to exist, the distinguishing feature of modern historical science is that researchers form authorial concepts, including agricultural history. methodological support of the concept as a tool of historical research.
In general, most encyclopaedic dictionaries [54][55][56][57] defi ne the essence of the concept "concept" as "a system of views, concepts about certain phenomena or processes, the way they are understood, interpreted; the main idea of any theory, the main idea; the idea or plan of a new, original understanding; constructive principle of artistic, technical and other activities" [58]. This view is shared by historians who turn to the study of this term. For example, J. Kalakura notes that "a concept is a system of views or initial theoretical positions as a basis for research; the main idea or key idea of the study; system of evidence" [53,13].
The application of the defi nition of "concept" to reveal the historical processes of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 -1921 in general and the agrarian history of the Ukrainian Revolution in particular is effective, because it provides the formation of methodological apparatus, disclosure of the essence of concepts, application of general historical and special research methods. conceptual perspectives of further research.
According to the Encyclopaedia of Ukrainian History [58], the concept of "historical concept" is multifaceted, used to denote "a system of views on historical facts, a certain way of understanding, interpreting and generalizing historical phenomena and events, a system of evidence of certain historiographical positions, a set of historiographical facts, related to views on the historical processes of individual historians, scientifi c schools, areas, the main ideas that guide the author in the study of the historical process, etc" [59].
Thus, the concept of historical research should include research methodology, conceptual and categorical apparatus, analysis of source and documentary support of the research topic, theoretical understanding of the research topic, proof of sociopractical signifi cance of the topic, disclosure of the topic for domestic and world history.  [62], V. Hlibishchuk [62], O. Kompaniets [63], and V. Lozovy [64] also joined its formation. The concept is based on understanding the essence of agrarianism as an Eastern European phenomenon, analysis of the views of G. Ruland, A. Scheffl e, J. Melin, who were the fi rst to study agrarianism as an independent concept, determining the directions of movement of agrarianism to Central and South-Eastern Europe through Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Let us turn to the analysis of the proposed concept for the above analysed structural components.
First, the research methodology. The research methodology is based on such principles of historical knowledge as scientifi c, historicism, objectivity, systems analysis, etc., as well as on the application of general scientifi c, special-historical methods. The methodological basis of the concept is based on sociocultural and interdisciplinary approaches.
Secondly, the conceptual and categorical apparatus. S. Kornovenko analysed the essence of the concept of "agrarianism" in domestic and foreign scientifi c space and proposed the author's understanding of the essence of the concept as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution: "the system of ideas about peasants, the peasants about themselves, about the peasantry as an active subject of history, capable of independent statebuilding; component of domestic economic policy aimed at solving the agrarian/peasant issue; as the peasants 'self-awareness of themselves, as the peasant's political culture and political consciousness, as the realization in practice of the peasants' hopes and ideas about their just future; component of socio-and partypolitical thought" [65].
Third, source-documentation provision. The studied concept is based on an array of sources that reveal the features of the relationship between the peasantry and the government, the solution of the agrarian issue, etc. and which are stored in the central and regional funds of Ukraine. Historiographical support is based on the analysis of foreign discourse in the study of agrarianism as a phenomenon of the  [62].
Fourth, the theoretical understanding of the research topic. Compliance with this structural component of the concept is ensured by analysing different versions of agrarianism in Central and North-Eastern Europe and Ukraine, comparing the socio-political activity of the peasantry, studying the features of peasant legal consciousness, mentality and more. S. Kornovenko offers an author's explanation of the emergence of agrarianism as a Ukrainian phenomenon: "1) the semantic confl ict between industrial and agricultural civilizations; 2) the agrarian type of Ukrainian society, respectively the agrarian nature of the Ukrainian nation, the development of the political culture of the actual agrarian nations; 3) the emergence of a new type of peasant, which in scientifi c and historical discourse is understood as a peasant-ideoman; such key ideologues of agrarianism as the peasant-centric phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 are singled out: 1) uniqueness and indisputable value for mankind of the spiritual, moral, cultural and social properties inherent in the peasantry and its work; 2) recognition of the peasantry as a stratum capable of playing an independent role in political life; 3) not a capitalist, but a "separate" peasant way of society development, preservation of private property -small peasant property as its optimal regional variant and the basis of social progress, as well as the idea of a peasant cooperative state; 4) the predominance of agriculture and rural life over industry and the city, as well as the peasantry over other social groups; 5) the peasantry -the agricultural strata -concentrates the basic positive values and qualities of society, is the foundation of state stability and the bearer of national identity, and the above virtues should determine its political power".
Fifth, socio-practical signifi cance for national and world history. The concept of agrarianism during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 -1921 allows not only to rethink the Ukrainian Revolution as a historical phenomenon, but also to prove its peasant character and show that agrarianist practices of solving the agrarian issue are a component of both world and Ukrainian history.
In our opinion, the concept of agrarianism as a phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution is not only an opportunity to rethink and study the agrarian issue to prevent similar issues in modern space, but also an opportunity to enter the world as a self-suffi cient historical concept that does not require proof, because, citing a signifi cant number of works on the concept of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921, the world community does not have a permanent tradition of its recognition and constantly to question it [17].
The conclusions. The issues of agrarian transformation, as a hundred years ago, are an important aspect of state development. The historical concept is the basis of scientifi c historical research. Its successful application allows to comprehensively analyse the research problem, to investigate the conceptual apparatus, to outline a set of methodological approaches, a system of research methods, to assess the current state of the research topic, to determine prospects for future research, to model individual processes of modern processes. The concept of agrarianism of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917 -1921 is an opportunity to comprehend agrarian problems of the specifi ed period from the standpoint of global trends in the development of historical science.
Acknowledgement. The author of the article are sincerely grateful to all members of the editorial board for the advice provided during doing the research and writing the article.